This study reviews the evolution of national and regional housing models that developed and received much attention in the housing economics literature. From this point of view, first, we focus our attention on the econometric modeling of national housing markets and discuss their limitations in twofold: inferring individual-level relations from aggregate-level data or aggregate shocks, and assuming spatial homogeneity in all regions. These two problems will be addressed precisely in the newly developed regional housing market models by identifying the sources of cross-sectoral dependence, namely, spatial and temporal dependence. Spatial dependence refers to how spatial factors influence economic processes. It is measured through a spatial weighting matrix. Cross-sectional dependence stemming from common factors is attributed to economy-wide shocks that affect all individuals with different intensities coming from different macro shocks, such as interest rates, oil prices, and technology shocks.

To achieve the goals of national housing initiatives, it is essential to utilize advanced planning models in conjunction with a comprehensive and integrated approach. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to model the national housing programming process in order to reduce costs and enhance effectiveness. This study is a developmental-applied research conducted using a qualitative method. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 30 experts and managers in the fields of housing and urban planning, selected through purposive sampling. Interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, which involved transcription of interviews, initial coding, clustering of similar codes, and extraction of key themes. In the final phase, seven proposed models were formulated and used to design a 22-item questionnaire based on the Likert scale. A second sample of 90 professors and relevant experts was selected using the snowball sampling method. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Best-Worst Method (BWM) weighting model. The results indicate that the criteria of demand forecasting, resource optimization, financial resource provision, and risk identification hold the highest importance across the various models. The scheduling and resource optimization model, with the lowest inconsistency and the highest optimal weight, provides the most accurate basis for decision-making. The needs analysis and demand forecasting model and the public-private partnership model also demonstrated high significance. In contrast, the budgeting and financial resources model showed the highest level of inconsistency, indicating a need for improvement in comparative assessments. The findings of this study suggest that national housing planning, using the proposed models—ranked by importance as follows: scheduling and resource optimization, public-private partnership model, new construction technology models, needs analysis and demand forecasting, quality management model, risk analysis model, and budgeting and financial resource provision model—is optimally achievable.

Housing is one of the most basic needs of human life and is considered as the smallest component of settlements and is still recognized as the most important need of new societies. Providing this need is always more vital for vulnerable groups. The present article was formed with the aim of adapting the strategy of the national housing movement plan to the neighborhood-oriented planning system in Sanandaj city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research data was collected by library and document method and using a questionnaire. The results of this research showed that the combined SWAT-EHP method was used to present the strategy, which first included the qualitative part and Then a quantitative SWAT part was performed. After determining the internal and external factors and then formulating 4 strategies based on relative weighting (AHP) and absolute weighting of the weighting factors and then the strategies were determined, and based on the value obtained for each strategy, its priority was determined. The chosen strategy in this research is the WO strategy, which is the strategy of adaptation or minimizing weaknesses and making the most of opportunities. The proposed strategy is economically oriented and based on long-term and continuous planning. Considering the size of residential units, the uniformity of patterns used in the design of residential units, services, etc. (especially in complex buildings), it seems that the voids governing the said housing pattern are not taken into consideration. Provision of public spaces and services in this

​The Mehr housing project is one of the biggest projects, and due to its extent, it is necessary to examine the results of this experience. Given that in 2017, the twelfth government put the national housing action plan on its agenda, the evaluation of Mehr housing complexes can have a positive effect on the implementation of the national housing plan. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the quality of Mehr housing complexes in Ardebil city, which is a step towards the optimal planning of the national housing plan. The statistical population of the research includes 20 experts. In order to evaluate and prioritize the studied complexes, eight parameters (facilities and services, physical, social, lighting and ventilation, pollution, access, environmental, and economic) were used. In this regard, the target sites were prioritized using the MABAC model. The GIS software was also used to better represent the output. The findings showed that Mehr Waliasr housing (Sham Esbi) is in first place with a score of 0.485 and is a good condition, while Mehr Mirasharf housing is ranked last with a score of -0.385 and is in a very unfavorable situation. Mehr Pileh Saharan housing is ranked second with a score of 0.070, which shows the relatively good condition of this complex. The results of the research reveal that in the planning, construction, and implementation of Mehr housing complexes, quantitative and project aspects have surpassed their quality. Therefore, it is hoped that these shortcomings will be overcome in the national housing plan

Housing construction policies in the country after the Islamic revolution and during the last two decades have faced many challenges and have not been very successful. The severe reduction in housing construction and delivery delays are major challenges in the field of housing construction policies in Iran. Due to the intensive increase in the price of land, materials, inflation, etc, the construction market has been facing increasing stagnation for the past decade, which reflects the housing policy of Mehr housing and then the national housing action plan is raised to continue it and eliminate the existing weaknesses. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is to analyz the future challenges in Mehr housing policies and the national housing action plan for Pardis new-town which located in Tehran province. The selection of criteria and indicators and their finalization was done by asking experts and based on the Delphi technique, and a questionnaire was prepared as a research tool and given to 35 experts in the field of housing. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by relevant experts and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha test. Structural equation modeling and SMART-PLS software were used to analyze the obtained data. The research results show that all the intended indicators are considered as acute issues, sensitive weaknesses and harmful challenges in the future and according to the processes based on the relationships between variables, the physical criterion with the importance of 0.268, the economic criterion with the importance of 0.262, The social criterion with the importance of 0.248 and the management criterion with the importance of 0.205 respectively are the most challenging future components in the Mehr housing policies and the national action plan for Pardis new-town.

Given the significance of housing in sustainable urban development and improving citizens' quality of life, the present study investigates the indicators and key components of design in Iran’s National Housing Plan. The research method consisted of three main stages. First, key components of housing planning were identified through documentary studies and a review of academic sources, official documents, and international experiences. A total of six indicators encompassing 30 components were identified. The validity of the indicators was assessed using the Delphi method by convening a panel of 30 experts over two rounds. After validating the components, a questionnaire with 30 items on a Likert scale was developed. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through expert judgment, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the AVE and CR indices. Its reliability was assessed using the test-retest method (correlation coefficient = 0.85) and Cronbach’s alpha (0.89). The statistical population included housing applicants, citizens, and researchers, and the sample size was determined to be 100 individuals using Cochran's formula. Ultimately, data were weighted using the entropy method. According to the results derived from the entropy model, economic indicators had the highest weight (0.177), indicating the greatest importance. This was followed by environmental components and architectural and construction standards, both with weights of 0.169. The lowest final weight belonged to "design guideline lines" with a value of 0.148, suggesting it had the least influence in the overall evaluation compared to the other indicators. Based on the findings, the most significant key indicators for programming the National Housing Plan in Iran fall into five general categories: architectural and construction standards, managerial indicators, social indicators, economic components, and environmental aspects.

A B S T R A C TThe present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research was the residents of 8 residential complexes of Atabak neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this research showed physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368, the variable of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, the variable of housing social conditions with a path coefficient of 0.169, and environmental quality with a path coefficient of 0.302 has a positive and significant impact on housing quality. According to the path coefficient obtained for the research variables, the amount of their impact on housing quality is evaluated as average. Among the identified factors, the factor of physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact, and the factor of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339 is ranked second. Also, this factor has a positive and significant effect on the physical quality factor of housing.Extended AbstractIntroductionAtabak neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods of District 15 of Tehran. In this neighborhood, physical changes have been made according to the interventions of the Tehran municipality in line with the implementation of the urban landscape plan and organized (inflow of private sector capital) in different years so far. Along with these interventions, the inadequacy of infrastructure and services to meet the population's needs has become this neighborhood's basic problem. Attention to its qualitative aspect needs to be addressed. This matter is important from the point of view of providing the city's basic needs, equitable distribution of facilities and resources, reducing urban inequalities, improving economic-social indicators, preventing unbridled and unplanned expansion, and ultimately improving the quality of life of the people. It demands that the quality of housing and the factors affecting it be evaluated and that a double effort be made to improve it, and it can provide a suitable context for providing suitable models of housing quality for citizens. Considering the mentioned cases, this research aims to answer the question:- What are the effective factors in improving the quality of housing? MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Mobaat, Minabi, Atabek, Shahrak Sajjadieh, Yas, Zahid Gilani, Shahid Asadi, and Safa residential complexes located in Atabak neighborhood of District 15 of Tehran. The statistical population was equal to 20469 people, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected; the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in the form of face and face validity as well as divergent validity. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used, and according to the results presented in the research findings section, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using structural modeling using SPSS and PLS software. Results and discussion This research showed that physical quality has a positive and significant effect on improving housing quality; according to the value of the obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.368, the value of this effect is considered moderate. Based on the results, it can be said that physical dimensions, such as the physical crystallization of housing, are the most objective and material issues in housing evaluation, analysis, and planning. Concerning the impact of access to urban services on the quality of housing, the findings indicated a significant impact of access to urban services. In explaining the results of this section, it can be said that gradually, the housing is changing from a single purpose to a shelter. Those other aspects of welfare and social comfort are also added; the limits of enjoying services and access to the essentials of life are shown to evaluate the housing quality. These indicators are very important in determining housing quality and are an integral part of housing planning. Access to urban housing services is considered one of the main indicators of life, which the Population Crisis Committee has used to measure quality in the world's metropolises. In relation to social conditions and environmental quality on the quality of housing, the results of this research confirmed the impact of the social environment and environmental quality on the quality of housing. Creating residential spaces is a topic that has been discussed previously. From the beginning, human beings have tried to create a favorable living environment that matches the quality conditions of their residence's social and environmental environment. ConclusionThis research was written to explain the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. The findings of this research showed that among the studied factors, the physical quality factor with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact on improving the quality of urban housing in Tehran, such that this factor can explain 13.5% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. Physical quality is defined based on the structural basis of a building and is often defined in the form of rules and standards related to it. The physical quality is sometimes interpreted as the appearance of buildings. Since they are fixed and real things, they are the reason for the emergence of general indicators for housing evaluation. The second factor is access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, so this factor can explain 11.4% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. This factor has been ranked second regarding the impact on housing quality according to the path coefficient value obtained. In third place was the factor of environmental quality with the path coefficient value of 0.302, and this factor can explain 1.9% of the variance of the variable of housing quality. Moreover, in the last place is the factor of housing social conditions, which has a path coefficient of 0.196. Also, from the other results of this research, we can mention the positive effect of access to the quality of urban services on the improvement of the physical condition of housing, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for this effect is equal to 0.623 so that it is 38.8% of the variance of the variable. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

One of the challenges facing cities today, especially cities in the Third World, is, along with other economic and social issues, housing and housing finance for low-income groups. As a result of this, the problem of housing and its supply in the cities of Iran is an important challenge. Therefore, this research seeks to study the policies, attitudes and practices of the country's development plan for its pathology in the housing sector, and in particular the housing of low-income groups. The results of the research indicate that in the fifth development plan, with the change of government, we see the policy shift from the axial supply to the demand side. In the early years of this program, the most important approach to low-income housing was the failed Mehr Housing Project, which was abandoned by changing the government due to the problems of this project in providing housing for low-income groups. But no substitute program for housing in low income groups was provided, only to review the comprehensive housing plan and add five new programs. During the fifth development plan, housing inflation has risen and the housing market is in recession. Housing market approaches have practically failed to help finance low-income groups. The sixth development plan was also designed with more goals than the fifth program. The program focuses on the issue of housing of low-income groups in four dimensions, in which policies and strategies are being considered to optimize the desirable urban depreciated texture.